Abstract The aim of this study is to explore more sustainable approaches by replacing Portland cement (OPC) with recycled mixed powder (RMP) derived from construction and demolition waste (CDW), with a focus on reducing carbon emissions. The CDW was subjected to grinding and sieving until a fraction <0.15 mm was obtained. The particles were then thermally activated at 800°C in a muffle for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours. The OPC replacement levels by RMP were defined based on the particle packing method, ranging from 0 to 65%. The study was carried out on pastes with a water/fines ratio ranging from 0.07 to 0.14 and superplasticizer admixture (SP), evaluating the compressive strength at 28, 63, and 91 days. The mechanical and environmental performance of Portland cement pastes composed with RMP showed compressive strength higher than the reference, reaching 37 MPa for a 45% replacement content at 28 days, reducing the CO2 emissions per m³ of paste by up to 53%. This study suggested that the treatment and packaging RMP particles may potentially increase the mechanical and environmental performance, making it an alternative to promote the circular economy and low-carbon cement.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é explorar abordagens mais sustentáveis, substituindo o cimento Portland (OPC) por pó reciclado misto (RMP) derivado de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD), focado na redução das emissões de carbono. O RCD foi submetido à moagem e peneiramento até a obtenção de uma fração < 0,15 mm. Em seguida, as partículas foram termicamente ativadas a 800°C em mufla por 0,5, 1, 2 e 3 horas. Os níveis de substituição de OPC por RMP foram definidos a partir do método de empacotamento de partículas, variando entre 0 e 65%. O estudo foi realizado em pastas com relação água/finos entre 0,07 e 0,14 e aditivo superplastificante (SP), com avaliação da resistência à compressão aos 28, 63 e 91 dias. Quanto ao desempenho mecânico e ambiental das pastas de cimento Portland compostas com RMP a resistência à compressão foi superior à referência, chegando a 37 MPa para um teor de substituição de 45% aos 28 dias, promovendo uma redução de 53% na emissão de CO 2 por m³ de pasta. O estudo indicou que tratar e empacotar as partículas de RMP aumenta o desempenho mecânico e ambiental, tornando-se alternativa para promover a economia circular e reduzir as emissões do cimento.

RESUMO A degradação do concreto por fadiga está relacionada a deterioração e danificação do material compósito quando submetido a carregamento cíclico. De modo geral, é observado que a deterioração do material ao ser submetido a ensaios dinâmicos, ocorre semelhantemente ao de concretos avaliados por ensaios estáticos, entretanto, o modo de propagação de fissuras, a velocidade de propagação e o dano podem ser diferentes em função da taxa de carregamento aplicado. Sabendo disso, este trabalho apresenta uma investigação experimental com objetivo de avaliar a influência da frequência de carregamento, intensidade da carga e resistência à compressão do material, no comportamento à fadiga do concreto. Ensaios foram realizados considerando três frequências de carregamento (0,125, 0,25 e 0,5 Hz), dois níveis de tensão máxima (50% e 70% da resistência à compressão) e concretos com três classes de resistência (30, 50 e 70 MPa). Os resultados encontrados apontam que à medida que a frequência de carregamento é aumentada, a vida útil à fadiga cresce exponencialmente. No entanto, observou-se que a vida útil à fadiga é menor em concretos de alta resistência, e que a vida útil à fadiga possui uma relação inversa com a resistência à compressão.

ABSTRACT The degradation of concrete by fatigue is related to deterioration and damage of the composite material when subjected to cyclic loading. In general, the deterioration of the material subjected to dynamic tests, occurs similarly to that of concretes subjected to static tests, however, the crack propagation mode, the propagation speed and the damage may be different depending on the loading rate at which the material is subjected. Besides, this work presents an experimental investigation aiming to evaluate the influence on the concrete fatigue behavior regarding the loading frequency, load intensity and the material’s compressive strength. Tests were carried out considering three loading frequencies (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 Hz), two levels of maximum stress (50% and 70% of the compressive strength) and concretes made with three different compressive strength (30, 50 and 70 MPa). The results point out that as the loading frequency is increased, the fatigue life increases exponentially. However, it was observed that the fatigue life is shorter in high-strength concretes, i.e., the fatigue life has an inverse relationship with the compressive strength.

ABSTRACT The water treatment process generates a residue called water treatment plant (WTP) sludge, which needs to be correctly characterized to ensure appropriate disposal or reuse. This study aimed to characterize the centrifuged sludge produced at the Tamanduá WTP, Iguaçu Falls City, Brazil, and considered opportunities for its reuse in the production of concrete for the civil construction industry. Wet sludge (sludge in its natural form) analysis included the determination of total solids, moisture content, density, pH, and inorganic parameters (As, Al, Ba, Cd, Pb, Cr, F, Hg, Ag, and Se) through thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence and loss ignition. For calcined WTP sludge, chemical and mineralogical composition and laser granulometry were evaluated. The results indicated that calcined sludge had the potential to be used in the production of cement materials; conversely wet sludge did not reach the appropriate safety standards due to the high quantity of organic matter.

From field studies and the literature, it was found that the degradation of concrete over time can be modelled probabilistically using homogeneous Markov Chains. To confirm this finding, this study presents an application of Markov Chains associated with the reliability analysis of experimental results of the degradation of concrete by chlorides. Experimental results were obtained for chloride penetration originating from non-accelerated tests in concretes in which the water/binder ratio was variable (0.40, 0.50 and 0.60) and that were produced with Pozzolanic Portland cement that was exposed for six months to the action of NaCl. Using a simulation process, the failure and safety probabilities were calculated by reliability and using Markov Chains, a service life project was estimated (a period of corrosion initiation). Compared to a concrete structure itself, the average error of service life predicted using Markov was approximately 14%. The results show a promissory methodology, in combination with the determination of concrete cover thickness, according to the required service life.